“I’m so hungry I could eat a horse!” This is an obvious figure of speech. You understand my meaning. This isn’t a takeout order but what I’m trying to say is that I’m extremely hungry. Figures of speech are a normal part of language, both today and in the ancient world. While we practice a literal interpretation of Scripture, this includes recognizing figurative language found in the Bible. In this video we look at common examples of metaphors, irony, symbols, hyperbole, and typology.
Understanding Figures of Speech in the Bible: Why It Matters
“I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.”
“That guy is as happy as a clam.”
“Gas prices cost an arm and a leg these days!”
We all recognize these as figures of speech—expressions that are not meant to be taken literally but are used to create vivid imagery or make a point.
And just like we use them in everyday language, the Bible uses figures of speech too. Understanding them is essential if we want to interpret Scripture accurately.
Let’s explore some key figures of speech used in the Bible and why it’s important to recognize them.
What Is a Figure of Speech?
A figure of speech is a literary device where words are used in a non-literal way for effect or emphasis. They’re common in poetry, storytelling, and yes—even the Bible.
Understanding when a verse is figurative versus literal helps prevent confusion or misinterpretation.
1. Simile: Comparing with “Like” or “As”
Definition: A comparison using “like” or “as” to create a mental image.
- Modern Example: “Quiet as a mouse.”
- Biblical Example: “As the deer pants for the water brooks, so my soul pants for You, O God.” (Psalm 42:1)
This simile paints a vivid picture of deep spiritual longing.
2. Metaphor: A Direct Comparison
Definition: A comparison without using “like” or “as.”
- Modern Example: “She has a heart of gold.”
- Biblical Example: “Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path.” (Psalm 119:105)
The Bible isn’t literally a lamp—but it provides guidance just as a lamp lights a dark path.
3. Hyperbole: Intentional Exaggeration
Definition: An exaggeration for emphasis.
- Modern Example: “I could eat a horse.”
- Biblical Example: “You blind guides, who strain out a gnat and swallow a camel!” (Matthew 23:24)
Jesus used hyperbole to criticize hypocrisy—focusing on small issues while ignoring the big ones.
4. Personification: Giving Life to the Lifeless
Definition: Giving human traits to non-human things.
- Modern Example: “The wind howled.”
- Biblical Example: “The trees of the field will clap their hands.” (Isaiah 55:12)
Creation is described poetically as rejoicing in God’s restoration.
5. Irony: Saying the Opposite
Definition: Saying one thing but meaning another, often for effect.
- Modern Example: Saying “Great weather!” during a storm.
- Biblical Example: “You have become kings without us!” (1 Corinthians 4:8)
Paul used irony to challenge the Corinthians’ false sense of spiritual maturity.
6. Euphemism: Softer Language for Hard Truths
Definition: A mild or polite way to describe something harsh or unpleasant.
- Modern Example: “Passed away” instead of “died.”
- Biblical Example: “You shall go to your fathers in peace.” (Genesis 15:15)
Here, “go to your fathers” is a euphemism for death.
7. Symbol: Representing a Deeper Reality
Definition: An object or image that represents something else.
- Biblical Example: The four beasts in Daniel represent four world empires (Daniel 7:17).
Symbols are common in prophetic and apocalyptic literature like Daniel and Revelation.
8. Typology: Foreshadowing Something Greater
Definition: A real event or person in the Old Testament that points to a greater New Testament reality.
- Example:
Adam is a type of Christ (Romans 5:14)
Israel’s journey from Egypt is a type of Christ’s flight from Herod and return to the land of Israel (Matthew 2:15)
⚠️ A Word of Caution on Typology
Only use typology when Scripture itself makes the connection. Avoid reading symbolism into places where it wasn’t intended. There are teachers who look for types and shadows in every nook and cranny of Scripture, but this “typology on steroids approach” is not based on careful interpretation.
Why This Matters: Literal vs. Figurative
Misunderstanding figures of speech can lead to major interpretive mistakes:
- Taking figurative things literally:
Does God have feathers? (Luke 13:34 – “as a hen gathers her chicks”). Clearly figurative. - Taking literal things figuratively:
Is hell just a metaphor for pain in this life? Jesus warns of a real judgment (Matthew 23:33).
✅ Tip: Context is key.
Always consider the surrounding verses and the author’s intent.
Quick Recap: Types of Biblical Figures of Speech
| Type | Description | Example (Verse) |
|---|---|---|
| Simile | Comparison using “like” or “as” | Psalm 42:1 |
| Metaphor | Implied comparison | Psalm 119:105 |
| Hyperbole | Deliberate exaggeration | Matthew 23:24 |
| Personification | Giving human traits to non-human things | Isaiah 55:12 |
| Irony | Saying the opposite for emphasis | 1 Corinthians 4:8 |
| Euphemism | Softer substitute for a harsh reality | Genesis 15:15 |
| Symbol | A picture representing something else | Daniel 7:17 |
| Typology | Foreshadowing something greater to come | Romans 5:14 |
Final Thoughts: Don’t Overcomplicate It
Interpreting figures of speech in Scripture isn’t difficult. In most cases, a little attention and good common sense go a long way. When you’re stuck, a trusted commentary or study Bible can help.
📖 Assignment
Go back to John 6 and read the passage carefully. Look for any figures of speech:
- What type is it?
- What mental picture does it paint?
- How would the meaning change if you misunderstood it?
Understanding how Scripture uses language deepens your grasp of God’s Word and guards you against confusion.
Have questions about biblical language or another passage? Let me know in the comments!